News

SAN storage area network

• February 18, 2019 18 Feb'19

  Veeam revenue edges up in 2018; acquisitions possible in 2019

  Veeam Software narrowly missed its goal to become a $1 billion revenue company in 2018, falling $37 million shy and probably six months short. Veeam founder and executive vice president Ratmir ...

• February 15, 2019 15 Feb'19

  NetApp founder Dave Hitz steps away after 26 years

  Retiring founder of NetApp Dave Hitz says the vendor is well-positioned for industrywide storage transitions, but recent sales results show challenges remain.

• February 14, 2019 14 Feb'19

  HPE InfoSight to add support for partners' storage products

  HPE GM of storage Milan Shetti outlines plans to add support for partners' storage products in its InfoSight predictive analytics platform and talks up its AI operations-centric strategy.

• February 13, 2019 13 Feb'19

  New Dell EMC all-flash Isilon hardware compresses NAS data

  Dell EMC Isilon F810 all-flash NAS array and ClarityNow software tackle unstructured file data through increased performance and data reduction over previous versions.

• February 11, 2019 11 Feb'19

  IBM Storage Solutions draw up blueprint for blockchain storage

  IBM offers up blueprints for blockchain storage, with NVMe arrays and software for scale-out.

• February 07, 2019 07 Feb'19

  Top Dell EMC storage technologists talk NVMe, SCM and containers

  Podcast: Dell EMC technologists discuss their 2019 expectations for the growth of storage class memory, NVMe-oF, multi-cloud, container and smart storage technologies.

• February 01, 2019 01 Feb'19

  IBM storage revenues skid to the finish line

  IBM storage hit another blue period last quarter. After pulling out of a revenue slump to start 2018, IBM last week closed an uneven year with declining sales of storage hardware, mirroring flat ...

• January 31, 2019 31 Jan'19

  Zerto IT Resilience Platform bends with Elastic Journal

  Zerto is set to launch the latest incarnation of its flagship product that converges backup and recovery, and will enable users to recover to a point in time going back years. Zerto 7, the new ...

• January 31, 2019 31 Jan'19

  2019 IT focus: Storage architecture for big data analytics

  Top storage technologists and analysts predict IT organizations will focus on revamping their storage architectures to make better use of data for analytics, AI and IoT in 2019.

• January 31, 2019 31 Jan'19

  Vexata storage gets a boost from Fujitsu deal

  Fujitsu North America agrees to sell Vexata arrays. The vendors plan demos in the Fujitsu Solutions Lab and are preparing reference architecture SKUs for Oracle, SAP and VMware.

• January 30, 2019 30 Jan'19

  Cloud storage outlook favors private and multi-clouds in 2019

  Experts say 'we've reached the point of no return' on cloud storage, as cloud-native applications, private and multi-clouds and Kubernetes gain prominence in 2019.

• January 30, 2019 30 Jan'19

  University of Utah prescribes Hitachi storage for data woes

  University of Utah Health extends its Hitachi Vantara storage implementation, adding the Hitachi Content Platform object storage to modernize its data center.

• January 30, 2019 30 Jan'19

  Enterprise flash storage price drop tops 2019 predictions

  Flash storage buyers will find lower NAND prices and more enterprise options in 2019, according to the crystal balls of industry executives and analysts.

• January 23, 2019 23 Jan'19

  DataCore storage gets Kubernetes and Docker plugins

  New DataCore plugins for Kubernetes and Docker will help customers developing container-based applications and microservices to access its software-defined storage products.

• January 21, 2019 21 Jan'19

  Storage startup Termaxia stares at clouds

  A startup claims it has pilots and production deployments in place for its petabyte-scale appliance that provides continuous availability without a cache.

• January 16, 2019 16 Jan'19

  Take that, Rubrik! Veeam gets $500M investment

  One day after Rubrik pulled in more than a quarter of a billion dollars in fresh funding, rival Veeam Software picked up nearly twice as much. Veeam today said Insight Venture Partners has invested ...

• January 15, 2019 15 Jan'19

  Rubrik pockets $261M in funding to chase AI, ML techs

  Rubrik, which helped change the role of backup in data management, is shopping for new technologies for its Cloud Data Management platform. Rubrik today said it completed a whopping $261 million ...

• January 14, 2019 14 Jan'19

  2018 data management and storage Products of the Year finalists

  The field of entrants in our 17th annual Products of Year contest has been winnowed down to 51 contenders vying for gold, silver and bronze glory in five data storage categories.

• January 14, 2019 14 Jan'19

  Storage systems and management tools: 2018 POY finalists

  Storage management tools candidates for the 2018 Storage Products of the Year competition skew heavily toward simpler interfaces and greater access to real-time data.

• January 14, 2019 14 Jan'19

  Enterprise storage arrays: 2018 Products of the Year finalists

  Eleven storage vendors, including legacy brands and some startups, entered arrays for consideration in the Storage magazine and SearchStorage 2018 Products of the Year competition.

• January 14, 2019 14 Jan'19

  Cloud and software-defined storage products: 2018 POY finalists

  Multi-cloud data management and container support are themes among the 2018 software-defined and cloud storage finalists of TechTarget's Storage Products of the Year competition.

• January 09, 2019 09 Jan'19

  All-flash startup Storbyte previews Eco-Flash file system

  Storbyte Eco-Flash drive technology situates Hydra ASIC chips on drives to prolong endurance in write-heavy environments. Eco-Flash stripes data on multiple M.2 modules.

• January 09, 2019 09 Jan'19

  Toshiba set to launch 16 TB HDD for cloud-scale users

  Toshiba will try to get a jump on rivals Seagate and Western Digital with a new 16 TB hard disk drive that targets cloud-scale users in need of low-cost, high-density storage.

• January 08, 2019 08 Jan'19

  Cloud, data management top 2019 enterprise data storage options

  Data management -- on premises and in the cloud -- appears on the rise as a 2019 spending priority for storage pros, while flash arrays and converged infrastructure may have peaked.

• January 02, 2019 02 Jan'19

  2018 M&A in storage centered on flash, cloud and backup

  No billion-dollar blockbusters in 2018 storage M&A activity as vendors stayed away from big deals and concentrated on filling gaps in their flash, cloud and backup portfolios.

• December 26, 2018 26 Dec'18

  Dell’s VMware, Nutanix duke out HCI market dominance

  Major storage and server vendors are angling for position in hyper-converged systems. But as has been the case for a while, the jockeying really is for who finishes in third place. The battle for ...

• December 26, 2018 26 Dec'18

  Hitachi Pentaho integration aims to subdue unstructured data

  Hitachi Pentaho data integration presents Hitachi Content Platform as an object-based data lake to send cleansed data to multiple cloud targets.

• December 23, 2018 23 Dec'18

  Broadcom Brocade launches 2 new SAN management products

  Broadcom releases new Brocade SAN management software to help users visualize and optimize storage and a new Fibre Channel extension switch to speed long-distance replication.

• December 20, 2018 20 Dec'18

  Virtual Instruments WorkloadWisdom adds NVMe-oF support

  Virtual Instruments product update adds support for NVMe over Fibre Channel workload modeling and improves testing capabilities in large-scale environments.

• December 19, 2018 19 Dec'18

  Minio prepares new object storage dish for 2019

  The CEO of object storage startup Minio wants to change the way people talk about his company in 2019, beginning with the way they say its name. Most people pronounce it “MIN-EO” but CEO and ...

• December 18, 2018 18 Dec'18

  NVMe flash storage is coming to an enterprise near you

  Hyperscale data centers are the early adopters of non-volatile memory express flash, as vendors lay out plans to further flash devices and NVMe fabrics in coming years.

• December 18, 2018 18 Dec'18

  HYCU goes deeper into Nutanix protection

  HYCU, which sells data protection specifically designed for Nutanix hyper-converged systems, today enhanced features for backing up the platform it has hitched its wagon to. Comtrade Software ...

• December 14, 2018 14 Dec'18

  Elastifile adds cloud file storage service on Google

  Elastifile's new managed Cloud File Service on the Google Cloud Platform is designed to give customers NAS storage with a self-service, software-as-a-service-type experience.

• December 13, 2018 13 Dec'18

  Legacy storage vendors gain in cloud era, IDC says

  External storage systems are all-but-obsolete in the software-defined era.  At least that’s the fable shared repeatedly across the industry. But cloud and enterprise customers are collaborating to ...

• December 12, 2018 12 Dec'18

  New IBM AI reference architecture uses Nvidia supercomputers

  IBM introduces new AI reference architecture that channel partners will build with Nvidia supercomputers, the IBM Spectrum Scale parallel file system and IBM flash storage.

• December 11, 2018 11 Dec'18

  VMware tracking stock is history, as Dell preps for public trading

  It’s official: Dell Technologies once again will become a public company, after gaining hard-won approval to buy back VMware tracking stock from shareholders in a transaction approaching $24 ...

• December 10, 2018 10 Dec'18

  Microsoft Azure storage team wants simpler flash devices

  Microsoft's Project Denali proposes industry specifications to spur NVMe storage device innovation for Azure and other cloud providers. Will storage vendors cooperate?

• December 10, 2018 10 Dec'18

  Broadcom Emulex flashes Gen 7 Fibre Channel adapter for NVMe

  Broadcom releases new Emulex Gen 7 Fibre Channel host bus adapter designed for high-performance NVMe-based flash storage systems with support for 32GFC and 64GFC and PCIe 4.0.

• December 07, 2018 07 Dec'18

  Veeam updates Availability Suite 9.5, N2WS platform

  Veeam updates to its flagship product and AWS data protection include the ability to migrate old data to cheaper cloud or object storage. Update 4 of Veeam Availability Suite 9.5 is scheduled to be ...

• December 06, 2018 06 Dec'18

  Portworx update targets hybrid and multi-cloud deployments

  PX-Enterprise 2.0 moves beyond storage for stateful container-based applications to provide data migration and management across hybrid and multi-cloud deployments.

• December 04, 2018 04 Dec'18

  HubStor adds continuous data protection, version control

  HubStor added continuous data protection and version control to its cloud storage platform. The continuous data protection (CDP) provides agentless monitoring of specific file system directories to ...

• December 03, 2018 03 Dec'18

  Komprise data management helps Boone County archive to Azure

  Komprise's data management software helps Indiana's Boone County government archive unstructured data in Azure cloud storage and reduce on-site storage.

• November 30, 2018 30 Nov'18

  Lagging Dell EMC midrange storage dampens upbeat earnings

  Dell EMC on Thursday reported nearly $4 billion in storage revenue in its most recent quarter, marking its third consecutive positive earnings in storage. But executives refrained from sharing ...

• November 29, 2018 29 Nov'18

  Hedvig storage gives university more replication, redundancy

  Located in the center of Tornado Alley, Pittsburg State University in Kansas gave heavy weight to redundancy and replication before acquiring Hedvig software-defined storage.

• November 29, 2018 29 Nov'18

  Actifio revenue up, seeks to align with DevOps, cloud

  Actifio is looking to ride a DevOps wave to an initial public offering, but for now the data management vendor is concentrating on bolstering support of its customers and channel partners. Actifio, ...

• November 28, 2018 28 Nov'18

  Dell EMC AI reference architecture builds on Isilon all-flash

  For its AI product strategy, Dell EMC is pursuing the same approach it takes with other storage products. Namely, that it’s better to have multiples of similar storage gear than to leave a gap in ...

• November 28, 2018 28 Nov'18

  Nutanix Xi launches as long-term AWS challenger

  While Amazon holds court at re:Invent in Las Vegas this week, hyper-converged pioneer Nutanix launched services that it hopes can eventually challenge the public cloud giant. Nutanix used its ...

• November 27, 2018 27 Nov'18

  Newisys no longer, OEM wants to be a Viking in storage

  Sanmina Corp. subsidiary Newisys recently plunged into enterprise storage with an NVMe all-flash system. In a bid to extend its presence in storage, Newisys is now called Viking Enterprise ...

• November 21, 2018 21 Nov'18

  Quobyte wins Points for Kubernetes storage

  Points International's storage revamp for Kubernetes includes Dell EMC servers running solid-state drives and a distributed file system from startup Quobyte.

• November 20, 2018 20 Nov'18

  Pure Storage points flash at AWS cloud

  Pure Storage’s earnings report painted a sunny picture of revenues at the same time as the flash pioneer unveiled a cloudy focus on its product direction. Pure beat Wall Street expectations with a ...

• November 19, 2018 19 Nov'18

  In-vehicle mobile data storage is Quantum's next target

  Quantum Mobile Storage is designed to capture vehicle data from self-driving cars and easily offload it to a Quantum StorNext appliance. It's built to handle harsh, mobile environments.

• November 19, 2018 19 Nov'18

  Kaseya backup integrations a 'Done Deal'

  The Kaseya backup line is growing, following the company's acquisitions of two data protection vendors. Now Kaseya is adding a program that guarantees customers to managed service providers. In ...

• November 15, 2018 15 Nov'18

  NetApp revenue keeps growing, but not as much

  NetApp beat its guidance and analysts’ expectations for last quarter’s revenue and income, and also exceeded expectations for technology buzzwords used during its earnings call. “Our opportunity is ...

• November 14, 2018 14 Nov'18

  Panasas ActiveStor chases Lustre users with portable PanFS

  With ActiveStor Ultra, Panasas ports its PanFS parallel file systems to Linux. The vendor's plans include OEM server deals to sell PanFS on commodity gear for HPC customers.

• November 13, 2018 13 Nov'18

  Western Digital Ultrastar DC ME200 optimizes memory storage

  Western Digital extends its Ultrastar SSD line, adding a software-defined layer for fast in-memory computing. An onboard hypervisor mounts the storage capacity as usable memory.

• November 13, 2018 13 Nov'18

  ClearSky Data POPs corks over $20M funding

  ClearSky Data today scored $20 million in funding and a partnership with Equinix to expand coverage for its managed storage services. New investor Pear Tree Partners participated in the funding ...

• November 12, 2018 12 Nov'18

  Micron's SATA-based QLC SSDs take aim at 10K HDDs

  Micron targets 10,000 rpm HDDs in read-intensive enterprise workloads with new 5210 ION quad-level cell SSD that stores 33% more bits per cell than triple-level cell NAND flash.

• November 06, 2018 06 Nov'18

  Maxta aims to bring AI to HCI with MxIQ

  Maxta is bringing predictive analytics into hyper-convergence. Maxta Hyperconvergence software runs on x86 hardware using VMware or Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization hypervisors to create ...

• November 01, 2018 01 Nov'18

  Virtual Instruments makes VirtualWisdom proactive

  A major update to Virtual Instruments' infrastructure management product adds proactive analytics, predictive capacity capabilities, interactive topology maps and iSCSI support.

• November 01, 2018 01 Nov'18

  Nutanix shines Beam into private cloud

  Nutanix is extending the Beam capability it launched six months ago for Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure into private clouds running on Nutanix hyper-converged infrastructure. Nutanix Beam ...

• October 31, 2018 31 Oct'18

  NetApp Cloud Volumes gives new wrinkle to OnTap file storage

  NetApp appends services to Data Fabric that aim to help enterprises flexibly manage their data between local storage and public clouds, including AWS, Azure and Google.

• October 31, 2018 31 Oct'18

  Pivot3 spins larger HCI deals

  If Pivot3 is a valid indicator, the hyper-converged market is not only adding customers rapidly, it’s also moving into far bigger deals. Pivot3 was among the first hyper-converged vendors, and the ...

• October 31, 2018 31 Oct'18

  Excelero NVMesh 2 supports TCP/IP, Fibre Channel

  Excelero's software-defined storage extends NVMe over fabrics support to TCP/IP and Fibre Channel, but the startup isn't abandoning NVMe over RDMA with its NVMesh 2.

• October 31, 2018 31 Oct'18

  Commvault staggers under weight of 'massive changes'

  While going through a transition period, data protection vendor Commvault’s sales are still taking a hit. Commvault’s revenue for last quarter of $169.1 million fell $10 million below Wall Street ...

• October 30, 2018 30 Oct'18

  Veeam CEO shakeup: Co-founder in, McKay out

  Veeam Software has reshuffled its executive team, promoting co-founder Andrei Baronov to CEO, while Peter McKay is no longer with the data protection company after 2 ½ years as an executive, ...

• October 30, 2018 30 Oct'18

  NetApp Insight: Yes, NetApp still sells hardware

  At the end of the final keynote at NetApp Insight last week, founder Dave Hitz decided to add some sanity lest people get the wrong idea about the vendor’s strategy. Hitz summed up the message at ...

• October 29, 2018 29 Oct'18

  NetApp all-flash storage fuels hybrid cloud stance, CEO says

  NetApp CEO George Kurian says data center customers are adopting more all-flash file and block storage to manage data across multiple public and private clouds.

• October 29, 2018 29 Oct'18

  Security patch issued for Arcserve Unified Data Protection

  Arcserve Unified Data Protection customers are being told to patch the backup platform after a security provider found issues that could leave data unprotected. The four vulnerabilities in Arcserve ...

• October 25, 2018 25 Oct'18

  Lenovo investment pushes Scale Computing closer to edge

  Scale Computing CEO Jeff Ready said the hyper-converged vendor was on the edge of profitability before it decided to expand its edge computing sales. Scale today said it has secured $21.2 million ...

• October 25, 2018 25 Oct'18

  IBM storage products get another NVMe booster shot

  IBM bolstered support for NVMe technologies across its storage portfolio with its latest round of product updates, which also adds new Spectrum Discover data management software.

• October 24, 2018 24 Oct'18

  NetApp flash offerings push into cloud, edge and IoT

  At the NetApp Insight user show, the vendor advocates for flash to replace disk for backup, cloud and object storage. NetApp HCI expands, and StorageGrid gets flash.

• October 24, 2018 24 Oct'18

  NetApp MAX Data adds persistent memory tier to OnTap storage

  MAX Data is a software-defined product that runs on commodity servers and can use non-NetApp storage. The codebase came from NetApp's acquisition of startup Plexistor.

• October 22, 2018 22 Oct'18

  Hammerspace targets data silos with new software service

  Silicon Valley startup debuts software service that harnesses data virtualization technology from Primary Data and adds hybrid cloud data management and metadata as a service.

• October 22, 2018 22 Oct'18

  Quantum CEO ready to acquire to expand StorNext

  Jamie Lerner’s first 90 days as Quantum CEO confirmed the idea he had about the company when he took over. Discussions with customers convinced Lerner that Quantum’s greatest strength and greatest ...

• October 19, 2018 19 Oct'18

  NetApp Insight 2018: A primer on storage for AI, flash-enabled cloud

  LAS VEGAS-NetApp expects about 5,000 customers and partners to gather here Monday as it lays out a roadmap for flash-enabled AI and cloud applications. NetApp Insight 2018 marks the fifth year the ...

• October 17, 2018 17 Oct'18

  Elastifile adds automated tiering to cloud object storage

  Cloud file system startup Elastifile is making it easier to shift data to object storage in Amazon and Google using ClearTier policy-based automated tiering.

• October 16, 2018 16 Oct'18

  Violin buys ISE, X-IO splits off Axellio

  Two storage companies on the comeback trail make moves -- Violin Systems buys X-IO's ISE platform, and X-IO rebrands as Axellio. Both have been in transition over the past few years.

• October 15, 2018 15 Oct'18

  Hitachi storage technologies underpin AI and cloud plans

  Hitachi Vantara is making several pivots from the storage vendor previously known as Hitachi Data Systems. But has it gone too far from its core storage technology?

• October 12, 2018 12 Oct'18

  Ctera Networks snares $30 million in Series D funding round

  Ctera Networks CEO Liran Eshel said his cloud file system company became cash flow positive this year, but it grabbed $30 million in new funding to grow as part of a booming market. Ctera Networks ...

• October 11, 2018 11 Oct'18

  Quest backup software adds Microsoft Office 365 support

  Quest backup has vaulted into the Office 365 workspace. NetVault Backup 12.1 includes a plug-in that enables full and incremental backup and recovery of Office 365 Exchange Online mailboxes. ...

• October 11, 2018 11 Oct'18

  Customers get new dual-region Google Cloud Storage option

  Google updated its cloud storage with higher availability SLAs and a new dual-region option designed to give customers greater control over their data.

• October 11, 2018 11 Oct'18

  Caringo Swarm adds single server option, multi-cloud support

  Caringo aims its Swarm Single Server object storage appliance at companies that want object storage but don't need petabytes of it in a multinode cluster.

• October 08, 2018 08 Oct'18

  City buses use Cloudian storage for video data

  Cloudian object storage hops a ride on Montebello Bus Lines, helping the California city improve its storage system for surveillance camera footage that had proved challenging.

• October 03, 2018 03 Oct'18

  Violin Systems AFA lineup adds XVS8 power hitter

  Violin, an 'emerging company that's been around a while,' adds new all-flash system that will support NVMe over Fabrics next year and promises extreme performance.

• September 28, 2018 28 Sep'18

  Report: Support for high availability applications is 'mixed'

  What are high availability applications if they're not highly available? According to a report released this month by SIOS, in partnership with ActualTech Media, one-quarter of respondents say ...

• September 27, 2018 27 Sep'18

  Hitachi analytics sharpens heterogeneous storage management

  Upgraded Hitachi Vantara analytics for storage improves visual mapping of application storage and integrates dynamic-cooling IoT technologies from Vigilent.

• September 27, 2018 27 Sep'18

  Startup raises $60 million to grow Datrium DVX business

  Datrium's latest $60 million funding will fuel its hybrid cloud computing and data management product line and business expansion into Europe. The Series D funding round boosted the Sunnyvale, ...

• September 26, 2018 26 Sep'18

  Nasuni storage adds lower-cost cloud archive service option

  Newly packaged Nasuni Cloud File Services offers a low-cost archive option as part of an effort to expand beyond high-end NAS and collaboration into traditional file and archive workloads.

• September 26, 2018 26 Sep'18

  Dell EMC, Nutanix share HCI market leadership

  Dell EMC extended its lead over Nutanix in hyper-converged systems sales in the second quarter, although Nutanix crept ahead of Dell-owned VMware into first when the market is measured by HCI ...

• September 21, 2018 21 Sep'18

  NetApp Kubernetes Service launched to orchestrate containers

  NetApp launched its Data Fabric architecture to adapt its storage to manage applications built for the cloud. Container orchestration had largely been a missing aspect in Data Fabric, but the ...

• September 20, 2018 20 Sep'18

  Scality Zenko goes GA for multi-cloud data management

  Scality launches Zenko 1.0 multi-cloud data controller software, offering a commercially supported enterprise edition and a freely available open source version.

• September 20, 2018 20 Sep'18

  HPE 3PAR StoreServ all-flash fixes hospital's image problems

  Riverside Healthcare dedicates its all-flash 3PAR StoreServ array to revamp its PACS. New images are stored in HPE's onboard cache for quicker retrieval by radiologists.

• September 19, 2018 19 Sep'18

  Quantum Xcellis unwraps NVMe-powered StorNext NAS

  Quantum upgrades its StorNext file system to bolster file sharing and replication on Xcellis NVMe flash appliances. It's the first product release under new CEO Jamie Lerner.

• September 19, 2018 19 Sep'18

  Cloud storage startup Wasabi Technologies raises $68 million

  Newcomer Wasabi Technologies will try to build up its brand recognition and take on the Big Three public cloud providers after raising $68 million in Series B funding. “You don’t go up against ...

• September 18, 2018 18 Sep'18

  Storage Product of the Year nominations closing soon

  I can’t tell you exactly how many storage products have launched in the past year, but I know it was in the hundreds. I can tell you it was more than I can count. That’s because hardly a day goes ...

• September 13, 2018 13 Sep'18

  Nutanix customers trending larger, spending more on HCI

  Besides proving there is plenty of growth still going on in the hyper-converged infrastructure market, Nutanix’s last earnings report showed HCI has moved well beyond VDI and niche applications. ...

• September 13, 2018 13 Sep'18

  Lenovo-NetApp partnership targets rivals Dell and HPE

  Lenovo and NetApp go after Dell and Hewlett Packard Enterprise with a multiyear partnership to bolster enterprise storage offerings and create a joint venture company in China.

• September 13, 2018 13 Sep'18

  Dell EMC PowerVault ME4 launched for entry-level SAN

  While the industry watches its midrange lines, Dell EMC pushes out a new array of entry-level, flashy PowerVault systems for smaller organizations and branch offices.

• September 12, 2018 12 Sep'18

  New enterprise 14 TB HDD options cater to cloud-scale users

  Enterprise-class 14 TB HDDs from Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital target cloud-scale users in need of economical, high-density storage to cope with exponential data growth.

• September 06, 2018 06 Sep'18

  Samsung adds Z-NAND data center SSD

  Samsung's new lineup of data center SSDs designed for channel sales to SMBs includes high-performance Z-NAND add-in card, U.2 and M.2 NVMe PCIe models and 2.5-inch SATA drives.